Albert, Christoph (2013)
On Stability of Falling Films: Numerical and Analytical Investigations.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | On Stability of Falling Films: Numerical and Analytical Investigations | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Bothe, Prof. Dr. Dieter ; Saal, Prof. Dr. Jürgen | ||||
Date: | 2013 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 14 August 2013 | ||||
Abstract: | This work is concerned with falling films: Thin layers of liquid that run down vertical or inclined planes under the action of gravity. In particular, the formation of surface waves, as well as flow structures inside these waves, is studied. The onset of waves is explained by classical hydrodynamic stability theory. Here, a flow is considered to be a superposition of a laminar, steady flow and a small perturbation. If all perturbations are damped for large times, the basic flow is considered stable and it is expected that it can be seen in the experiment. If, on the other hand, a perturbations exists which is amplified with time, the basic flow is unstable and can not be observed. On a falling film, the presence of amplified perturbations is indicated by the presence of visible surface waves. In Chapter 1, the coordinate system and the governing equations are introduced. This work relies on the continuum mechanical model of conservation of mass and momentum, i.e. the Navier-Stokes equations. Additional effects are caused by the free surface of the film, which has, by means of capillary effects, an important influence on the evolution of the flow. In many situations, surface tension is not constant throughout the film surface. Pollutants can adsorb at the interface, which locally decrease surface tension. These pollutants are called surfactants. The local concentration of these surfactants is governed by an advection-diffusion equation inside the moving interface. This effect is taken into account in Chapters 1 and 2. The laminar basic flow, the so-called Nusselt profile, as well as the dimensionless parameters of the film, are introduced. In Chapter 2, stability of the film is studied analytically. First, a system of equations which governs the time evolution of perturbations to the steady state is derived. In order to cope with the time-dependent domain on which the equations are defined, the domain is transformed to a time-independent reference domain by means of the so-called Beale transform. The transformed system is then linearized and written as an evolution equation. The linear operator governing this equation is called linearized stability operator. The rest of this Chapter is concerned with the associated resolvent problem and the spectrum of the stability operator. In this work, the resolvent problem is solved by a Fourier series approach in an L2-setting. First, unique solvability and regularity of the resolvent problem is shown under certain assumptions. Then, with the aid of energy methods, conditions on the dimensionless parameters are derived under which the flow is stable. These conditions are physically meaningful, and an explicit spectral bound is given. The rest of this work is concerned with investigations of falling films without surfactant by means of direct numerical simulations. These are performed with the Volume-of-Fluid solver FS3D. In Chapter 3, the numerical method is introduced, and the influence of different approaches for the numerical discretization of capillary effects is studied. It is shown that simulations with the momentum conservative Continuum Surface Stress-model are not able to correctly represent the flow situation in a falling film. On the basis of comparisons to analytical and experimental results it is shown that simulations with the balanced Continuum Surface Force-model are a good approximation to the actual flow physics on falling films. The notion of balanced force surface tension is explained, and a reason is provided why there is no implementation of CSS with this property. In Chapter 4, linear stability of falling films is investigated numerically. A new approach is presented, which is closely related to Arnoldi's algorithm for the eigensystem problem of large sparse matrices. The action of the evolution operator on a number of perturbations is determined by direct numerical simulation. An approximative eigensystem of the evolution operator can be determined by simulating a number of perturbations. The spectral mapping theorem, finally, allows the determination of an approximation to the spectrum of the linearized stability operator. In order to use the algorithm, linear algebra must be performed on the set of perturbations. Here, the intrinsic nonlinearity introduced by the free boundary makes this problematic. This problem is solved by a transformation of the flow state to a fixed reference domain by Beale's transform. The algorithm is validated by comparison to numerical, experimental and theoretical results. The advantage of this algorithm over classical methods is that non-parallel steady states can be treated. This property is used in order to investigate the influence of the inlet boundary. Chapter 5 is concerned with flow phenomena in developed nonlinear waves. Water films in an oxygen atmosphere are simulated, and the transfer of oxygen into the liquid is studied. In particular, the influence of vortices in the film on local mass transfer rate is investigated. It is observed that the presence of vortices in the large roll waves has a qualitative influence on the oxygen distribution inside the film and the local transfer rates. Vortices inside the wave troughs, on the other hand, do not cause an effect like this. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-36652 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 500 Science 500 Science and mathematics > 510 Mathematics 600 Technology, medicine, applied sciences > 620 Engineering and machine engineering |
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Divisions: | 04 Department of Mathematics 04 Department of Mathematics > Analysis 04 Department of Mathematics > Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing |
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Date Deposited: | 27 Nov 2013 13:29 | ||||
Last Modified: | 27 Nov 2013 13:29 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/3665 | ||||
PPN: | 386305986 | ||||
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