Regensburger, Stefan (2019)
Large-area and lumped element field-effect transistors for picosecond-scale detection in the Terahertz band and beyond.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | Large-area and lumped element field-effect transistors for picosecond-scale detection in the Terahertz band and beyond | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Preu, Prof. Dr. Sascha ; Roskos, Prof. Dr. Hartmut | ||||
Date: | 2019 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 14 October 2019 | ||||
Abstract: | Because of inefficient sources and detectors, the Terahertz band (0.1 - 10 THz) located in between electronics with tens of Gigahertz (GHz) and optics with tens of Terahertz (THz) remained hardly accessible for a long time. Rapid advances in research and development of technology for emission and detection in recent years finally enable the technical utilization of this frequency range and an increasing number of applications. This thesis focuses on the direct detection with field-effect transistors (FETs) to improve the access to the THz band with compact and fast room-temperature operating detectors. Meanwhile, there are various promising applications for real-time detection, such as communication, automotive distance radar, or spectroscopy. One main focus of this thesis is an application linked to high THz power facilities: The characterization of pulse shapes in accelerator-based experiments. In a simple picture, a THz bias applied to a FET simultaneously modulates the charge carrier velocity as well as the charge carrier density underneath the gate electrode. As a result, a DC current is generated, that is proportional to the incident THz power. The state-of-the-art model from M. Dyakonov and M. Shur from the 1990’s describes the 2 dimensional electron gas (2DEG) with hydrodynamic equations and predicts plasmonic rectification underneath the gate contact. This rectification mechanism is experimentally proven in the THz band well above the maximum frequency of oscillation fmax and cutoff frequency fT of the FET. This thesis experimentally studies the detection mechanism of field-effect transistor-based rectifiers in the THz band and beyond in the mid infrared (MIR) up to 30 THz on the ten-picosecond scale. To achieve this exceptional frequency coverage, an antenna-less concept, the large-area FET (LA-FET), is chosen. The fast, picosecond-scale response from the FETs supports the hypothesis of an underlying Dyakonov-Shur-like rectification mechanism up to and including 30 THz regarding the responsivity distribution of the detector area, and regarding the polarization dependence. Further, the comparison with gate-less reference samples shows a suppression of more than two orders of magnitude at 2.0 THz and one order of magnitude at 11.8 THz for additional mechanisms that do not require a gate electrode. However, the gate bias dependence reduces towards higher frequencies, pointing towards a contribution of a yet unknown detection process. The fabricated detectors prove ultra-fast detection in the entire THz band with the exception of the GaAs Reststrahlen band. The upper limit of the internal rectification process evaluates to a Gaussian time constant of 7.1 ps. The slow, millisecond-response of the FETs shows increasing contributions from non-Dyakonov-Shur-like rectification mechanisms with increasing frequency, such as bolometric detection. The observed f⁻¹·⁴ roll-off is less strong than a RC roll-off with fixed resistance. This suggests an increasing radiation resistance of the LA-FET design for increasing frequency, that improves the incoupling of THz power to the FET. The large area allows to achieve a linearity range of 69 dB/√Hz, by distributing the THz power over the square-millimeter-scale active area. As compared to detectors available at the beginning of this thesis the responsivity is improved by two orders of magnitude, now allowing for the detection of picosecond-scale pulses at accelerator-based facilities without any pre-amplifier, and additionally the detection in most table-top systems. Antenna-coupled FETs (A-FETs) are studied in a frequency range from 0.1 up to 11.8 THz. The measured responsivity agrees excellently with theoretical expectations derived from a simple equivalent circuit and the simulated radiation resistance. Devices processed with simple UV-contact lithography achieve a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 250 pW/√Hz at 0.6 THz, only one order of magnitude above foundry-processed state-of-the-art FET detectors in 65 nm technology. Finally, both LA-FET and A-FET detectors demonstrate pulse shape characterization of picosecond-scale THz pulses from a free electron laser (FEL). The characterization of asymmetric FEL pulses arising from cavity detuning with FETs and a grating spectrometer allows the verification of a novel convolution ansatz for the FEL pulse shape, developed within this thesis. This ansatz circumvents deficits in the state-of-the-art piecewise ansatz such as unsteady differentiability and includes the smooth transition to a symmetric, Gaussian pulse. The ansatz further allows to include the Gaussian intermediate frequency (IF) limitations of the A-FET and LA-FET detector. The convolution ansatz circumvents the Heisenberg-Gabor limit, as it allows to measure exponential rise times significantly below the Gaussian IF limitations. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-91893 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 500 Science 500 Science and mathematics > 530 Physics 600 Technology, medicine, applied sciences > 620 Engineering and machine engineering |
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Divisions: | 18 Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology > Institute for Microwave Engineering and Photonics (IMP) 18 Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology > Institute for Microwave Engineering and Photonics (IMP) > Terahertz Systems Technology |
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Date Deposited: | 05 Nov 2019 10:45 | ||||
Last Modified: | 13 Nov 2020 14:13 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/9189 | ||||
PPN: | 45569320X | ||||
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