Gramlich, Philipp (2018)
Stability of steady states of meta-food webs on discrete spatial networks.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | Stability of steady states of meta-food webs on discrete spatial networks | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Drossel, Prof. Dr. Barbara ; Hamacher, Prof. Dr. Kay | ||||
Date: | 2018 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 6 December 2017 | ||||
Abstract: | The concept of a food web is deceivingly simple. A simple map of interaction links between species. Nor is a spatially discrete network a particular daunting construct. Yet, even after almost a century of research there are still many unanswered questions about food webs and their spatial extensions, meta- food webs, and the perhaps most urgent one is, in the words of “father of modern ecology” (Slack, 2010), George Evelyn Hutchinson: “Why are there so many kinds of animals?” (Hutchinson, 1959) It has yet to be satisfyingly understood how complex food webs remain relatively stable and robust. The overwhelming complexity of real species relations and the difficulty for biologists and ecologists in gathering both precise and extensive field data makes it nearly impossible to faithfully recreate all nuances of actual food webs. This makes the topic particular appealing to the physicist who delights in abstracting problems to reveal underlying principles. The central focus of this thesis is thus to provide additional tools and insights to the topic of stability in meta-food webs. The generalized modelling method is particularly suited to this task as it is built around the idea of normalization to steady states which can be analysed concerning their stability. We offer an introduction to this method by examining the most simple food web possible consisting of a single predator and a single prey species. This provides a look at the fundamental terms and possibilities of the generalized modelling approach and gives some basic trends for the stability of food webs that are surprisingly sturdy in their applicability, e.g. the notion that large exponents for the primary production of biomass are destabilizing. We then add a spatial factor with a second patch so that we are dealing with a meta-food web. The food webs on each patch are homogeneous and we focus on the effect of migration between the two patches. Dispersal is overall destabilizing but can become less destabilizing for adaptive migration in certain parameter ranges. We also ask the question what dynamics occur during the transition from a stable to an unstable system which leads us to the phenomena that fall under the umbrella term of bifurcation. These simple systems show the full range of bifurcations including simple pattern building. From there we increase the complexity by incorporating heterogeneous food webs on each of the patches. This asymmetry allows for a wider range of behaviour at the point of bifurcation and now the additional element of synchrony between patches and species has to be taken into account. The ratio of oscillatory behaviour in case of perturbation increases and the oscillations becomes more anti- phasic compared to the homogeneous food webs; indicators of a higher robustness. The impact on linear stability cannot be easily predicted. We then extend the meta-food web from two patches and two species to many species on spatially distributed networks of patches though only with homogeneous local food webs. We show the analogy between reaction-diffusion systems on continuous space and on networks and how this can be applied to meta-food webs. Exploiting the inherent structure we can formulate a master stability function that allows for a separation of topological influences and those that stem from food web dynamics. Meta- communities become in general less stable for larger food webs and can be stable or unstable depending on the spatial configuration. They show primarily oscillatory and most likely rather localized responses to disturbances which are arguments for the robustness of the meta-communities. Finally, we summarize the results from the different sections. The steady states of food webs on spatial networks become less and less stable for increasing complexity but at the same time show signs of increasing robustness. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-71709 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 530 Physics | ||||
Divisions: | 05 Department of Physics 05 Department of Physics > Institute for condensed matter physics (2021 merged in Institute for Condensed Matter Physics) > Statistische Physik und komplexe Systeme |
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Date Deposited: | 12 Feb 2018 12:43 | ||||
Last Modified: | 09 Jul 2020 02:00 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/7170 | ||||
PPN: | 425902587 | ||||
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