Reul, Christian (2014)
Mechanisms and factors determining DSB repair pathway choice in G2.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | Mechanisms and factors determining DSB repair pathway choice in G2 | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Löbrich, Prof. Markus ; Laube, Prof. Bodo | ||||
Date: | 1 September 2014 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 23 April 2014 | ||||
Abstract: | Aim of this work was to investigate the interplay between the different DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. In G2, DSBs which are located in euchromatic regions are repaired with fast kinetics via canonical NHEJ (c-NHEJ), whereas heterochromatic DSBs are repaired with slow kinetics via homologous recombination (HR). C-NHEJ comprises a ligation of both DSB ends without the requirement of sequence homology. HR is a repair pathway, where the DSB ends are resected to produce ssDNA that invades the sister chromatid and uses the sequence as a template for error-free repair. If cells are deficient in the HR core factors BRCA2 or RAD51, the DSBs are resected but remain unrepaired. This can lead to genomic instability, less cell survival and cancer. The presence of ssDNA itself might explain why c-NHEJ does not repair resected DSBs in a BRCA2 deficient cell to prevent an accumulation of unrepaired DSBs. But an alternative NHEJ (alt-NHEJ) process is described, which uses microhomologies within the ssDNA to ligate both resected DSB ends. Therefore we sought to further characterize resected DSBs in G2 and observed an ATM release at resected DSBs. In G1, ATM is assembled at DSBs and facilitates the repair of heterochromatic DSBs by heterochromatin relaxation due to the phosphorylation of the heterochromatin building factor KAP-1. Contrary to G1, in G2 is ATM needed to initiate resection but is dispensable for later stages of HR. A permanent heterochromatin relaxation by downregulation of KAP-1 or expression of a phosphomimic form of KAP-1 allows the repair of resected DSBs in BRCA2- or RAD51-deficient cells by error-prone alt-NHEJ. Moreover, in HR proficient cells a KAP-1 depletion causes a switch from HR to alt-NHEJ repair, too. We support a model, where the heterochromatin is initially relaxed, but after extended resection, the heterochromatin is reconstituted due to the release of ATM and the dephosphorylation of KAP-1. The restored heterochromatin structure now facilitates error-free HR and prevents the usage of error-prone alt-NHEJ. Secondarily, we investigated the mechanistic reason of the ATM release at resected DSBs. The cascade of the assembly of ATM at DSBs involves first the phosphorylation of H2AX by ATM itself and the binding of MDC1 to this phosphorylation. ATM phosphorylates MDC1 to allow the binding of the ubiquitin ligase RNF8, which together with RNF168, ubiquitinates Summary 4 the histone H2A/H2AX and the demethylase JMJD2A. JMJD2A is bound at H4K20me2 and degraded after its ubiquitination. After the degradation of JMJD2A, 53BP1 has the ability to bind H4K20me2 that in turn allows the assembly of ATM at the DSB site. We were able to show that at resected DSBs, 53BP1 is released and RNF8/168 actity is decreased, whereas H2AX phosphorylation and MDC1 binding are not affected. A switch from ATM to ATR activity at resected DSBs allows H2AX phosphorylation and MDC1 binding. But ATR cannot phosphorylate MDC1, so RNF8/168 activation is impaired. Without the RNF8/168 activity, 53BP1 cannot bind H4K20me2 and assemble ATM at the resected break. This leads to a heterochromatin reconstitution, which facilitates HR and prevents alt-NHEJ. A co-depletion of JMJD2A and JMJD2B is described to allow 53BP1 binding in RNF8/168 deficient cells. This co-depletion or using a phosphomimic form of MDC1, which mimics a permanent phoshporylation to allow RNF8/168 activity at resected DSBs, allows the repair of heterochromatic DSBs in BRCA2-deficient cells. We suggest that under such conditions cells switch to alt-NHEJ instead of using HR, equal to a KAP-1 knockdown. In summary, our results provide a model where the resection is the most important step of the HR process, which determines the repair of a heterochromatic DSB to HR and exclude end-joining repair: not the resection per se, but rather the heterochromatin reconstitution in consequence of ATM release at resected DSBs. ATM is released due to the inability of ATR to phosphorylate MDC1to trigger RNF8/168 activition. We suggest that without RNF8/168 activity, JMJD2A replaces 53BP1 at resected DSBs. Without 53BP1, ATM is released and the heterochromatin structure is reconstituted. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-40989 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 570 Life sciences, biology | ||||
Divisions: | 10 Department of Biology 10 Department of Biology > Radiation Biology and DNA Repair |
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Date Deposited: | 01 Sep 2014 08:51 | ||||
Last Modified: | 25 Jan 2024 10:16 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/4098 | ||||
PPN: | 386756600 | ||||
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