Laser cooling and trapping of neutral alkali atoms provides well-understood quantum systems, which are decoupled from the environment to a high degree. Their internal and external degrees of freedom can be manipulated coherently through external fields. The comprehensive control extends to tuning interactions from negligible to strong by the laser-excitation of ground state atoms to Rydberg states that exhibit intense dipole-dipole coupling for interatomic separations of micrometers. Quasi spin-1/2 Systems formed in the internal ground state hyperfine manifold serve as carriers of quantum information. In particular the clock states with vanishing linear Zeeman effect define a robust qubit basis. Thus, single alkali atoms represent an excellent system for the physical realization of quantum information processing. This thesis describes significant experimental progress towards the implementation of registerbased quantum information processing using single Rb85-atoms in a scalable architecture. The underlying two-dimensional periodic geometry of register sites is obtained from registers of dipole traps, which are created by micro-optical lens arrays. Typically, sets of 25 to 150 trapping sites are used throughout the experiments of this work, whereas scalability is guaranteed by employing micro-optics that feature more than 104 lenslets. Substantial advances have been achieved in the parallelized preparation and spatially resolved detection of single atoms in dipole trap registers. Specifically, utilizing light assisted collisions for single atom preparation allowed for the creation of single-atom quantum registers where the preparation efficiency in 116 sites was measured to be above 50% and a mean number of 75 occupied sites was observed. As a result, the probability to obtain at least 60 single atoms in any experimental run evaluates to 99%. Due to the effect of collisional blockade, which arises for tight focusing of the microtraps (w0 = 1,5µm), two atom events at a single register site could be eliminated. The characteristics of the preparation process have been studied in detail using ensembles of atoms in optimized potentials of w0 = 3,6µm waist. From these experiments it was possible to extract one body loss rates of 1,7·10^-9 cm^3 s^-1 and two body loss rates of 2,3·10^-9 cm^3 s^-1 for a trap depth of U_0 = kB·0,5mK. The implementation of advanced techniques in fluorescence imaging enabled the repeated detection of individual single atoms. During a sequence of 27 detection cycles in a single experimental run no significant additional losses could be observed for optimized traps. This technique allows for the investigation of the time evolution of single quantum systems and thereby forms the basis for further experiments. Notably, it renders possible the detection of occupied register sites before as well as the retrieval of the qubit state after the execution of a quantum gate. Significant progress has been demonstrated with the parallelized coherent control of single atom quantum states in a microtrap register. The application of laser radiation driving a two-photon transition induced Rabi flopping with a frequency of 2 Pi·100 kHz. Furthermore, the coherence of superpositions was examined utilizing coherent spectroscopy. Here, a coherence time of T_Echo = 76,7ms was measured. In comparison, this is four orders of magnitude above the amount of time which is necessary to perform single quantum operations. In course of the work presented in this thesis, the fundamental pitch of the trap registers has been reduced from 55,5µm to 9,8µm. In addition, the use of trapping potentials in the Talbot planes generated by the microlens registers facilitated the implementation of quantum registers composed from interleaved trap registers. In these configurations, the separation of neighbouring trapping sites is freely selectable. Therefore, essential requirements for the realization of two-qubit gates have been implemented. The indispensable ability to address selectable qubits with focused laser beams was demonstrated for trap separations of 13,3µm and 6,7µm.