The environment in which savings banks operate as regional credit institutions is becoming increasingly challenging. The entire financial sector is in the midst of a massive transformation and poses long-term challenges for traditional banks. A key pillar of the German banking industry, the German savings bank sector is of great importance and has been undergoing structural changes for decades. Banks are increasingly struggling between profit erosion and cost pressure. Business performance, and thus also efficient management, is gaining in importance, also because these dimensions are indispensable prerequisites for being able to perform the duties arising from the public contract, which differentiates savings banks from other banking sectors and ultimately constitutes their reason for existing in the market.
This dissertation addresses the production-economic efficiency of German savings banks in the period 2009–2018. Building on a comprehensive systematization of the research findings of the past ~25 years, three key topics will be dealt with in separate empirical studies based on nonparametric efficiency measurement using data envelopment analysis (DEA).
Study 1 analyzes production-economic efficiency using data envelopment analysis for the period 2009–2018, taking internal efficiency-influencing factors into account. The results prove that the technical efficiency of primary banks has further declined. Cost efficiency, however, improved markedly in the period under review, in contrast to previous efficiency studies. It can be concluded from these results that savings banks have compensated for the negative effects from productivity through more efficient management of factor prices and costs. However, despite this trend reversal, it is also clear that there remain some – in some cases considerable – inefficiencies in the sector, and the divergence between efficient and less efficient savings banks is growing.
Study 2 analyzes the influence of external environmental factors on efficiency, taking scale effects into account. The influence of environmental factors on the efficiency of regional banks, such as savings banks and credit unions, has received a great deal of research attention in recent decades. Interdependencies were analyzed primarily through traditional cluster analyses or one- and two-stage OLS or tobit regression models. Despite their strong dominance in scientific research, the suitability of these methods for nonparametric efficiency studies is the subject of much controversy. There are some methodological problems that can lead to misguided statements. The core element of the estimation strategy is a two-stage algorithm with double sequential bootstrapping using a truncated regression model. The empirical estimation results substantiate the relevance of population density and competition to efficiency. The positive correlation between population density and cost efficiency documented in the scientific literature was verified. The results substantiate the validity of an urban-rural dichotomy independent of the size of operations. One new finding is that there is a negative correlation between competitive intensity and technical or cost efficiency, which suggests that the efficiency structure hypothesis is valid. Overall, however, the analyses document only weak interdependencies between environmental factors and efficiency. Based on the findings of this paper, the extensive discussion in science to date on the need to account for external environmental factors in efficiency studies in the regional banking sector can be shared only to a very limited extent.
Study 3 investigates the determinants and success of mergers for the period 2009–2018 based on production-economic efficiency. In the observation period relevant to this paper, the number of German savings banks decreased from 431 institutes in 2009 to 386 in 2018. In an ex-ante analysis, multinomial logistical regression models are used to analyze the influence of efficiency based on the model specification of the value-added approach and additional internal factors and external environmental factors. These analyses show no significant causal relationships for production-economic efficiency. The relevant determinants are size of operations, cost to income ratio (CIR) and merger experience. Ex-post merger success is analyzed based on a dynamic panel regression. The findings for cost efficiency are notable: positive merger effects are seen for the three years post merger, but the estimation model yields a significant causal relationship only in the third year. The results prove that merger savings banks successfully managed their factor prices and eliminated inefficiencies compared with non-merger savings banks in the first three years following the merger. | English |