According to the general opinion of experts, the Alpine region is facing decades of evident historical transformation as a result of climate change. During this phase, the balance sheet of the hydrological cycle will change significantly, in sum and variability. As a consequence, the governments of the Alpine region are facing an increasing number of conflicts over water usage and are therefore encouraging their local governments to take counter-measures. The most significant tool in use is local water management across different interests, for which data-based, regionally and locally detailed forecast models are indispensable. The modeling process of karst aquifers is hydrologically demanding, due to their potential of far reaching high velocity groundwater transport. Most challenging modelling situations of hydraulic anisotropy occur in catchment areas, where karst aquifers are interbedded with aquitards or vertical no-flow-boundaries.
In the required catchment models, the proportion of underground runoff is usually neglected. This is especially the case in solid rock areas, as the underground runoff often lags several orders of magnitude behind the surface runoff. However, the subordinate runoff could be of crucial importance for further prognoses. This project aims to falsify a possibly planning-relevant influence of karst aquifers, even where carbonate rocks are subordinate on the surface. In an example area where carbonate rocks even have a minor share of the surface, it shall be shown, that this influence is significant for hydrological calculations. Additionally shorter residence times and the hydraulic short circuits in karst pipes must be taken into account as critical parameters for drinking water usage.
The Tuxer Tal in Tyrol, Austria was chosen as a study area. It is a side valley of the Zillertal and includes the cover rocks of the Tauernfenster. The Hochstegenformation and Seidlwinklformation there represent karstifiable units, which extend as a frame around the Tauernfenster for more than 450 km. In the course of this project and several publications, classical hydrogeological methods were applied at sources and groundwater inlets in tunnels. More than 500 individual measurements of field parameters and main ion analyses form the basis for a qualified assignment to the mapped local geology. At selected sites, a series of measurements was carried out over several years to distinguish seasonal influences from annual variations. Additionally, isotope measurements were carried out to investigate the influence of glaciers and tracer experiments to prove the existence of an extensive karst system. Geothermal data were obtained by enhanced geothermal response tests on a 400 m deep borehole heat exchanger and by local tunnels via measurements and data research.
The results of the work show that the Hochstegenmarmor acts as a drainage body for almost all side valleys north of the Tuxer Hauptkamm, whereby their catchment areas are largely drained below the surface. The deep karstification that was known before this study only for high altitudes, has now also been proven for deeper valley areas. This is the case for the karst system on the Grinberg and the karst tubes up to several hundred meters below the valley floor level. The connection between fault zones and changes in geochemical characteristics is shown, according to which dolomitization occurred mainly during the subduction phase. These dolomitized areas represent 15 – 25 % of the carbonate bodies. They are less soluble and as a result of the metamorphic history of the Hochstegenmarmor they are also less fissured and less hydraulically conductive concerning the calcitic dominated areas. The characteristic composition of the Mg-rich rocks is therefore disproportionately reflected in the hydrochemistry of the Hochstegenformation waters. In the Kasererserie nearby dolomitization has covered considerably more areas and these areas have significantly higher conductivities due to tertiary porosity.
The proven continuous karstification of the Hochstegenformation over 20 km between Tuxer Ferner and Mayrhofen creates a hydraulic short circuit in the underground that resembles drainage: The precipitation and meltwater north of the entire Tuxer Hauptkamm is infiltrating to the karst system without reaching the Tuxbach via its receiving waters. Due to this uncommon hydrogeological feature of underground groundwater exfiltration, conditions change for outdated hydrologic models which neglect these effects. And based on the changes of that models, conditions will change regional water management.
Based on its geothermal potential, the Hochstegenaquifer is classified as a low-temperature reservoir with low to medium hydraulic conductivity, depending on the dolomitization. The usage of this reservoir in terms of heating and cooling is advisable due to the seasonally high demand for winter and summer tourism. Apart from the Hintertux thermal springs, only a few springs are fed by this aquifer, so that the potential for conflicts may be considered as limited. | English |