Chisté, Melanie Nicole (2017)
Land-use mediated effects on communities and single species of herbivorous insects.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | Land-use mediated effects on communities and single species of herbivorous insects | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Blüthgen, Prof. Dr. Nico ; Jürgens, Prof. Dr. Andreas | ||||
Date: | 19 December 2017 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 22 September 2017 | ||||
Abstract: | Anthropogenic land use is an established driver of biodiversity loss. The complexity and far-reaching consequences of land-use effects needs broad and intensive research. Besides small-scale studies, which are important to focus upon habitats, large-scale studies are essential to fully examine global implications of anthropogenic land-use. The present study comprises both small- and large-scale investigations aiming to understand the impacts of land-use intensity on herbivorous insects in grassland ecosystems. The goal of the study was to understand the effects of intensified land-use on 1) whole communities, 2) single species, and 3) to understand the direct effects of resource-fertilization on herbivores. The first and second research chapters examine the effects of compound land-use intensity and its three management types fertilization, mowing and grazing on Orthoptera, and Auchenorrhyncha (plant- and leafhoppers) community as well as single-species responses. Both groups are important insect-herbivores covering two major feeding guilds: leaf chewers (Orthoptera) and sap suckers (Auchenorrhyncha). To cover a broad gradient of land-use intensity defined by fertilization, mowing and grazing intensity, 150 grassland sites have been sampled. The studies were part of the Biodiversity Exploratories: a German-wide long-term project investigating land-use effects on biodiversity and ecosystems. In chapter I, the effects of land-use intensity on diversity and abundance of Orthoptera were evaluated. In addition to my own intensive sampling in 2014, the data of a six-years sampling period (2008 – 2013) has been considered. We found diversity declines of Orthoptera with increasing compound land-use intensity, fertilization, mowing and grazing intensity. Abundance declined with increased mowing and grazing intensity, but was not affected by compound land-use and fertilization. The longer the time period after the last mowing date, the higher were diversity and abundance. Additionally we calculated a land-use niche for each Orthoptera species, which reflects the main occurrence of this species along the land-use gradient and gives insight into its susceptibility to land use. Comparing the species distribution with an expected distribution based on a randomization approach, we characterized ‘losers’ and ‘winners’ of high land-use intensity. The niche model detected half of the species as losers of intensive land-use and only three winners. Fertilization was the most detrimental management type on the species level, as we found no winners and many losers, followed by mowing and grazing. In chapter II we examined land-use effects on α- and β-diversity of Auchenorrhyncha communities. While α-diversity comprises species richness of the sites, β-diversity describes the differences in community composition between sites. In our study we sampled 140 grassland sites by collecting Auchenorrhyncha of five randomly chosen plots of 1 m2 each within the sites. This sampling method allowed us to both gather density/m2 and obtain five different communities within the sites. The latter enabled us to describe land-use effects on β-diversity within the sites by comparing the differences in community composition and species turnover among the five plots. We found decreasing β-diversity with increasing compound land-use intensity, that is, communities within sites become more homogenous with increasing land-use. Species richness as well as density of Auchenorrhyncha declined with compound land-use, fertilization and mowing intensity and were not affected by grazing. We also considered the species-specific view on the community with the above-described niche-model and found a high proportion of species being losers of high compound land-use intensity. Zooming into the management types, Auchenorrhyncha were, on the species level, mostly impaired by mowing, followed by fertilization and grazing intensity. Correspondingly, we found that dietary specialists decreased and generalists increased with increasing land-use intensity. Chapter III presents direct fertilization-mediated resource-effects on grasshopper preference and performance. The study was conducted in the laboratory and the botanical garden where we grew orchardgrass with four different fertilization treatments. To simulate strong fertilization we applied N and NPK fertilizer (both with high nitrogen amount); weak fertilization was simulated with manure-fertilized grass; unfertilized grass was grown as control. In a choice experiment, we provided grasshoppers of different ages and species with each N, NPK and unfertilized grass. We found that the grasshoppers generally preferred highly fertilized grass, however, there were differences between nymphs and adults and between the species. In an additional no-choice experiment, we aimed to understand food and nutrient utilization of grasshoppers that had each only one of the four fertilization-treatments as food plant. We analysed performance, N and C content of grasshopper biomass and faeces. Grasshoppers of the different treatments did not differ in survival or consumption, but N- and NPK grasshoppers had increased N-concentration in their body mass, even though plant N-concentration did not differ between the treatments. In summary, this thesis confirms the harmfulness of anthropogenic land-use on biodiversity. Both important representatives of the feeding guilds ‘leaf chewers’ and ‘sap suckers’ of insect-herbivores revealed diversity declines with an increase of land-use intensity. A few winning species replace a majority of losers of high land-use intensity and communities thus become more homogenous within managed sites. The harmfulness of fertilization that was demonstrated in chapter I and II might be rather mediated by indirect effects, such as loss of micro habitats, changes in micro climate and loss of food-plant species, than by direct resource-effects, as no fertilization-mediated differences in survival or consumption in the feeding experiments of chapter III were found. Loss of Auchenorrhyncha species is very likely mediated by loss of plant-diversity, as this group contains many dietary specialists. Loss of Orthoptera species is potentially caused by physical damage through agricultural machines and changes in vegetation and microhabitat structure. Annual changes in land-use intensity, a trend to moderate management and protection of surrounding habitats, could help to save our native grassland diversity. This thesis reveals the opportunity to gain a broad insight into the complex and various effects of land-use on biodiversity by giving attention to different levels of an ecosystem. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-71606 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 500 Science 500 Science and mathematics > 570 Life sciences, biology 500 Science and mathematics > 590 Animals (zoology) |
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Divisions: | 10 Department of Biology 10 Department of Biology > Ecological Networks |
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Date Deposited: | 20 Dec 2017 10:31 | ||||
Last Modified: | 20 Dec 2017 10:31 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/7160 | ||||
PPN: | 42414610X | ||||
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