Functional materials play an important role in modern life. Ferroelectric materials, mainly Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 (PZT), are used in various components, such as actuators, pressure sensors, transducers, electro-acoustic transducer, or ferroelectric RAM. Following the adoption of the RoHS (Restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances) in January 2003, the research efforts for the synthesis of lead-free piezo- and ferroelectrics, which are intended to replace PZT, were greatly increased worldwide.
In this thesis, such a lead-free system, (Bi,Na)TiO3-BaTiO3-(K,Na)NbO3, was structurally characterized using electron microscopy. This technique allows the characterization of the composition dependent microstructure of the ceramics and, in addition, to draw conclusions on the crystal structure. Based on the results similarities and differences can be found according to the respective compositions. Moreover, it is possible to identify local phases, which cannot be detected with other methods such as X-ray or neutron diffraction due to their low phase fraction.
The issue of a possible cation ordering in the lead-free systems has been studied by the combination of density functional theory calculations, high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) and simulation of HRTEM images. For this purpose, the related system (Bi,Na)TiO3-BaTiO3 was used. Several feasible models for ordering were proposed and calculated, which formed the basis of the HRTEM simulations. By comparison with experimental HRTEM images it was possible to identify specific cation arrangements; however, cation ordering could be excluded.
The behavior of the material under external influence such as temperature and electric field is of special interest for potential applications of such materials. In situ techniques were applied in the transmission electron microscope and further developed. Structural changes were observed directly under various temperatures or external electric field. The temperature-dependent evolution of the microstructure and structural phase transitions were monitored and correlated with dielectric measurements. The structural development of the different compositions was combined in a phase diagram. The observations under external electric field indicated a reversible field-induced phase transformation. The TEM results were successfully correlated with macroscopic studies, especially polarization and strain hysteresis measurements.
These results provide a consistent picture of the structure of BNT-based ferroelectrics, particularly at the microstructural level, and form the basis for the future development of this class of materials. | English |