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Towards a Greener and Scalable Synthesis of Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ Nanorods and Their Application as Anodes in Batteries for Grid-Level Energy Storage

De Carolis, Dario M. ; Vrankovic, Dragoljub ; Kiefer, Samira A. ; Bruder, Enrico ; Dürrschnabel, Michael Thomas ; Molina‐Luna, Leopoldo ; Graczyk‐Zajac, Magdalena ; Riedel, Ralf (2024)
Towards a Greener and Scalable Synthesis of Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ Nanorods and Their Application as Anodes in Batteries for Grid-Level Energy Storage.
In: Energy Technology : Generation, Conversion, Storage, Distribution, 2021, 9 (1)
doi: 10.26083/tuprints-00017782
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Item Type: Article
Type of entry: Secondary publication
Title: Towards a Greener and Scalable Synthesis of Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ Nanorods and Their Application as Anodes in Batteries for Grid-Level Energy Storage
Language: English
Date: 30 January 2024
Place of Publication: Darmstadt
Year of primary publication: 2021
Place of primary publication: Weinheim
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
Journal or Publication Title: Energy Technology : Generation, Conversion, Storage, Distribution
Volume of the journal: 9
Issue Number: 1
Collation: 11 Seiten
DOI: 10.26083/tuprints-00017782
Corresponding Links:
Origin: Secondary publication DeepGreen
Abstract:

Grid applications require high power density (for frequency regulation, load leveling, and renewable energy integration), achievable by combining multiple batteries in a system without strict high capacity requirements. For these applications however, safety, cost efficiency, and the lifespan of electrode materials are crucial. Titanates, safe and longevous anode materials providing much lower energy density than graphite, are excellent candidates for this application. The innovative molten salt synthesis approach proposed in this work provides exceptionally pure Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ nanorods generated at 900–1100 °C in a yield ≥80 wt%. It is fast, cost‐efficient, and suitable for industrial upscaling. Electrochemical tests reveal stable performance providing capacities of ≈100 mA h g⁻¹ (Li) and 40 mA h g⁻¹ (Na). Increasing the synthesis temperature to 1100 °C leads to a capacity decrease, most likely resulting from 1) the morphology/volume change with the synthesis temperature and 2) distortion of the Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ tunnel structure indicated by electron energy‐loss and Raman spectroscopy. The suitability of pristine Na₂Ti₆O₁₃ as the anode for grid‐level energy storage systems has been proven a priori, without any performance‐boosting treatment, indicating considerable application potential especially due to the high yield and low cost of the synthesis route.

Uncontrolled Keywords: anode materials, grid storage, lithium, molten salt synthesis, sodium
Identification Number: 2000856
Status: Publisher's Version
URN: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-177824
Classification DDC: 500 Science and mathematics > 540 Chemistry
600 Technology, medicine, applied sciences > 660 Chemical engineering
Divisions: 11 Department of Materials and Earth Sciences > Material Science > Dispersive Solids
11 Department of Materials and Earth Sciences > Material Science > Physical Metallurgy
Date Deposited: 30 Jan 2024 13:53
Last Modified: 01 Feb 2024 14:39
SWORD Depositor: Deep Green
URI: https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/17782
PPN: 515148261
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