Hemophilia is an X-linked inherited blood coagulation disorder and can be classified as hemophilia A or hemophilia B, respectively, due to the lack of coagulation factor VIII or FIX (129). The classification into severe, moderate and mild affects both clinical
manifestation and long-term prognosis for patients (214). In the severe form of haemophilia in particular, prophylactic substitution of patients with the respective
missing coagulation factor is aimed at keeping the threshold value of the coagulation factor levels in the plasma above 1% at all times and thus preventing the occurrence of spontaneous bleeding in muscles and joints as far as possible (57;199). Due to the short
half-life of maximum 24 hours for FIX, patients have to undergo this Substitution procedure two to three times a week, which not only results in a loss of quality of life,
but also poses a health risk (117;124). Therefore, the development of a gene therapy for the treatment of hemophilia has been progressively advanced in recent years. In this respect, hemophilia offers two advantages: on the one hand, it is a monogenetic defect and, on the other hand, minor corrections to the coagulation factor activities already have an enormous influence on the clinical prognosis for patients. The original goal of keeping the threshold of coagulation factor activity above 1% has already been achieved
through various optimization processes, such as the use of self-complementary and liver-specific AAV serotypes, a codon optimization of the FIX transgene and the development of strong but nevertheless liver-specific promoters. By this it was possible to achieve a FIX activity maximum of 12% in hemophilia B patients using AAV gene therapy (132;150-154). This expression maximum could also be increased by using the so-called Padua mutant of the FIX transgene (69). The Padua mutation was first observed by Simioni and colleagues in 2009 and genetically describes the Substitution of the amino acid arginine for leucine at position 338, which results in an up to 8-fold
increase in FIX activity despite physiological antigen levels in the plasma (196). Despite the promising development of gene therapy with regard to the achieved FIX activities, new problems have arisen that could not be predicted from preclinical studies
in animal models. These include an increase in transaminases associated with AAV gene therapy as an indication of liver toxicity. Two different mechanisms are currently being discussed as the cause of this. One is the presentation of capsid structures via the MHCI
and MHC-II complexes and the associated triggering of a cytotoxic T cell Response against transduced hepatocytes (84;135;137;138). On the other hand, a stress Response of transduced hepatocytes by excessive protein expression triggered by a strictly
perivascularly limited transduction (132). Both mechanisms have in common a realtionship with the vector dose used for AAV gene therapy. As a result, in the current (main) aim is to further reduce the vector dose for AAV gene therapy without losing the
minimum necessary FIX activity level in the plasma. For this reason, two additional hyperactive FIX mutants were generated in this laboratory. An additional 20-fold
increase in activity compared to the wild-type FIX was achieved by replacing the amino acid serine with tryptophan at position 377 (171) and henceforth called FIX LW. The FIX KLW variant was extended by the additional exchange of the amino acid valine for
lysine at position 10 (30), the resulting reduced collagen type IV binding affinity could also be confirmed in this work with a collagen type IV binding assay. In the first part of this work, the generation of the cell lines required for large-scale protein production was performed by lentiviral transduction of the HEK293T cell line with the respective FIX variant as transgene followed by the characterization and
expansion of suitable cell clones. The in vitro characterization of these cell clones showed a reduced expression of the mutated FIX variants, but this could not be mechanistically explained either by secretion analyzes or by studies on intracellular
transport. Also the glycosylation status visualized by SDS-PAGE seemed to be quantitatively comparable between the FIX proteins. The purification of the
recombinant FIX proteins required for the in vivo experiments was also established in this PhD thesis and was performed by anion exchange chromatography. Functionality analyses of the recombinant FIX proteins showed a 5-fold increase in activity of the
Padua variant compared to the wild type, whereas the FIX LW and FIX KLW variants showed an additional 7- to 8-fold increase. The absence of preactivated FIXa caused by purification was demonstrated by visualizing the proteins by Western Blot and the
application of a chromogenic assay against FIXa.
Due to the changes of protein sequenze and the associated possible formation of new epitopes, the immunogenic potential of the FIX variants was investigated in the next part of this PhD thesis in two experimental approaches. The intramuscular injection of
the FIX protein variants into hemophilia B mice did not lead to an immunological reaction. Only the combination of the FIX protein variants with the incomplete Freund's adjuvant and two subcutaneous injections led to a drastic increase in the FIX IgG1
concentration in the mouse plasmas. A slight increase in the FIX IgG1 concentration was observed in the three hyperactive variants compared to the wild-type FIX, but without statistical significance, so that at the current level, no increased immunogenicity
can be assumed from the individual nucleotide exchanges. Another aspect of this work was the pharmacokinetic characterization of the FIX
protein variants. By subcutaneous or intravenous injection of the purified FIX Proteins and retroorbital blood sampling at defined time intervals, both extravascular redistribution and elimination of the FIX proteins from the plasma of hemophilia B mice were investigated. Due to the reduced binding to type IV collagen and the associated reduced extravascular sequestration, the KLW variant showed a significantly
increased bioavailability in plasma both after subcutaneous and intravenous injection. Pharmacokinetic analyzes using a two-compartment system showed a significantly increased elimination of the FIX KLW variant from the plasma, which could be
corrected by e.g. a half-life extended modification.
As a final partial aspect in this thesis the newly generated hyperactive variants were examined for their potential for the use in AAV gene therapy. The efficiency was tested using a low dose level of 5x1010 vg/kg. The calculated specific activity resulted in a 5-
fold increase in activity of the Padua variant compared to the wild type FIX. The use of the FIX LW and KLW variant as transgene even resulted in a 14-fold increase in specific activity compared to the wild type. The reduced protein expression of the hyperactive FIX protein variants compared to the wild type was also noticeable in this sub-section butr this could not be mechanistically justified with the data collected in this
study. The use of a high dose level of 2x1011 vg/kg should provide conclusions on a possible increased thrombogenicity caused by hyperactivity. However, this could be confirmed as irrrelevant by determining the concentration of D-dimers and thrombin-
Antithrombin complexes in plasmas of genetically treated hemophilia B mice. No increased immunogenicity of the FIX variants in gene-treated mice could be detected, so that the hyperactive variants LW and KLW seems to be and can be evaluated in human AAV gene therapy. Furthermore, the use of the FIX KLW variant for the
establishment of a subcutaneous substitution therapy is conceivable, compared to the Dalcinonacog alpha (NCT03995784) currently being tested in clinical trials. | English |