Low-dose ionising radiation is frequently used in medical imaging and plays a crucial role in diagnostics. Computer tomographic examinations with low- dose X- rays are performed, especially on toddlers. In these connections, the head is the most frequently examined body part. Beside this, ionising radiation is used as therapeutic agent against tumor. In addition people are exposed to natural radiation during air and space travel. These are important reasons to study the effects of ionising radiation on the organism. The focus in this work is the analysis of radiation effects on the neuronal network. A direct and seriously damage of ionising radiation is the induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Proliferating cells, such as stem cells, have two main repair pathways to repair DNA DSBs: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Differentiated cells such as neurons and glial cells are dependent on the frequently defective repair pathway NHEJ. DNA DSBs which are not or incorrectly repaired lead to senescence, apoptosis or degenerated cells. These factors can support the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s-, Parkinson’s- disease and tumor formation.
To investigate the influence of a non- functional HR on radio sensitivity in the developing neural network, the HR- deficient Rad54-/- mouse model was chosen. The animals were irradiated with 500 mGy during neurologically disturbance- sensitive phases E14.5 and p10. Two months later, in adult stage, motor skills and exploration behaviour were analysed. Interestingly, the comparison with wild type animal’s exhibit that not only the radiated Rad54-/- mice show impaired learning behaviour in the Morris Water Maze- test, but also the sham irradiated control mice. Motor skills and exploration behaviour, which were assessed by the RotaRod- and Elevated Zero Maze-tests, are not affected. Furthermore, it was found that there is a negative correlation between the specific deficit in complex spatial learning and the number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus of Rad54-/- mice. Because DCX is a marker for young neurons, the results suggest that impaired complex allocentric navigation is due to deranged adult neurogenesis.
In the second part of this work, NHEJ-repair in different neuronal cell types was analyzed. For this purpose, the in vitro stem cell line J1 was differentiated to homogeneous descendant cultures of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. This allowed each cell type to be independently tested for radio sensitivity. The repair of radiation-induced DNA DSBs was observed by immunofluorescence staining of the repair protein 53BP1. It was found a dramatically slowed down repair of DNA DSBs in neurons after irradiation with 500 mGy. In addition, the low-dose irradiation leads to a reduction of electrical spontaneous activity. The spontaneous activity was determined by deriving the voltage changes in the homogeneous neuron culture in a mutielectrode array. Interestingly, overnight treatment with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate significantly increases the repair efficiency of radiation-induced DNA DSBs in neurons. Additionally, glutamate protects the neural network from radiation-induced dysfunction. This effect could be attributed to the fact that agonists of the glutamatergic system, by binding to specific NMDA-receptors, induce a signalling pathway which is exclusively found in neurons. This signalling pathway leads to the activation of topoisomerase II-beta and consequently to the transcription of immediate early genes. These enhance the DNA damage response and thus have a neuroprotective effect.
Overall, it could be shown that neuronal development, both in embryonic and postnatal status, is radiosensitive and that a functional DNA DSB repair is essential for the proper development and function of the neural network. | English |