Happe, Anne-Kathrin (2019)
Managing biological control for fruit production in different European climates.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Dissertation -
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | Managing biological control for fruit production in different European climates | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Mody, PD Dr. Karsten ; Jürgens, Prof. Dr. Andreas | ||||
Date: | 15 May 2019 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Publisher: | TUprints | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 12 April 2019 | ||||
Abstract: | Biological pest control in apple orchards is essential and depends on effective and sustainable agricultural management strategies at local and landscape scales. Local measures such as hedgerows, flowering strips, organic management as well as landscapes with a high diversity of cover types and low land-use intensity are assumed to support biological control specifically and ecosystem services in general. However, the influence of local measures, landscape characteristics and their interactions has rarely been studied in perennial crop systems across large latitudinal gradients. Studying ecosystem services across climatic regions is especially important in the face of climate change and induced shifts in species distribution. The present study assesses the effects of local and landscape factors on predatory arthropods and their prey, and on trade-offs between ecosystem services and fruit production in the intensive fruit production systems of three European countries. Local factors included quality of the adjacent habitat (e.g. cover of woody habitat and plant species richness) and two types of orchard management: integrated production (IP; based on the reduced and targeted application of synthetic agrochemicals) and organic management practices. Landscape factors included the amount of orchard cover in the surrounding landscape as a proxy for land-use intensity and landscape diversity. For three years I studied arthropod communities in 30 apple orchards in Germany, with a special focus on natural enemies and herbivores and their impact on tree health and fruit production. I analyzed data from these orchards and from 28 orchards in Spain and 28 orchards in Sweden, provided by collaborators working on the same European BiodivERsA project. As a member of a 17-scientist team, I investigated how agri-environmental schemes, management practices, and landscape composition can be enhanced to support (I) ecosystem services and biodiversity in general, (II) communities of predatory arthropods, and (III) specific predatory arthropod taxa. The first publication (Chapter 2) offers an insight into the complex interactions of functional groups of arthropods (pollinators, predators, and pests) and their influence on fruit production in different environments. It presents natural enemies and their prey in the context of ecosystem service trade-offs. In cooperation with the project partners, I studied the effects of local and landscape factors on functional groups and their services and disservices in 86 European apple orchards in Germany, Sweden, and Spain, during one growing season (from March to October 2015) under a common study design and sampling protocol. Key functions of ecosystem service providers are biological pest control and pollination. Disservices are defined as fruit damage at harvest, and aphid infestation of target trees. Final yield (fruit production and seed set) is assessed as the ultimate measure for ecosystem service provisioning. Using structural equation models, we tested for trade-offs between ecosystem services and for effects of local and landscape variables. Across Europe organic management benefited natural enemies. Higher abundance of natural enemies in organic orchards partly compensated for higher fruit damage and lower yield in these systems. There was no general positive influence of agri-environmental schemes such as hedgerows or flower strips on natural enemies. However, a high flower cover in the understory indirectly increased final fruit yield by improving living conditions for wild bees. Diversity of beneficial arthropods was lower in landscapes with high land-use intensity. The second publication (Chapter 3) focuses on natural enemy communities in apple orchards across all three countries and differences in their responses to local and landscape factors. Together with partners in Spain, Sweden, and Germany, I give a closer look on each of seven groups of predatory arthropods: spiders (Araneae), beetles (Coleoptera), earwigs (Dermaptera), flies (Diptera), bugs (Heteroptera), lacewings (Neuroptera) and harvestmen (Opiliones). In 2015, we took beating samples in all 86 apple orchards to assess the abundance of predatory arthropods. Additionally, we calculated community energy use as a proxy for the communities’ predation potential based on biomass and metabolic rates of predatory arthropods. In both IP and organic orchards, we detected contradicting influences of local and landscape factors on the studied predator groups. Organic management enhanced abundances of five out of seven predatory arthropod groups. It benefited spiders, beetles, earwigs, flies, and bugs, but the response was not consistent across countries. High local woody habitat cover enhanced earwig abundance in Sweden but not in Germany. Plant species richness negatively influenced bug abundance depending on country and management. Predation potential (energy use by the predator community) was higher in organic orchards in Spain but remained largely unaffected by local and landscape factors across Europe. The third publication (Chapter 4) is a case study on a single predatory arthropod group, earwigs, and one of their main prey organisms, woolly apple aphids. Earwigs are expected to be important generalist predators in apple orchards, with woolly apple aphids being a common apple pest. I studied whether local factors such as the presence of woody habitats and organic management and landscapes with low land-use intensity enhance living conditions for earwigs in intensive fruit production systems. Earwigs were sampled using shelters in 30 apple orchards in Germany (2015-2016), and 28 orchards in Spain (2015), subjected to IP or organic management. At the same time, we assessed tree infestation by woolly apple aphids. Correlation analyses served to detect possible interactions between the abundance of earwigs and the availability of potential prey organisms. The results indicate that there is only a weak correlation between abundance of earwigs and tree infestation by woolly apple aphids. Earwigs of the species Forficula auricularia seem to respond indifferently to orchard management. Presence of adjacent woody elements reduced earwig abundance in IP orchards in Germany. In Spain we found two earwig species, Forficula auricularia and F. pubescens, but only F. pubescens, which did not occur in German orchards, profited from organic management. The three different perspectives on predatory arthropods (Chapter 2-4) highlight the importance of local and landscape factors for ecosystem services in general and predatory arthropods in particular. Responses were not consistent between predator groups and countries, stressing the need to develop tailored and country-specific management schemes at the local and landscape scale beyond the promotion of organic management. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-86364 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 500 Science 500 Science and mathematics > 570 Life sciences, biology 500 Science and mathematics > 590 Animals (zoology) 600 Technology, medicine, applied sciences > 630 Agriculture, veterinary medicine |
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Divisions: | 10 Department of Biology 10 Department of Biology > Ecological Networks |
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Date Deposited: | 15 May 2019 10:12 | ||||
Last Modified: | 10 Oct 2024 14:26 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/8636 | ||||
PPN: | 448703661 | ||||
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