The interest of hard coatings with low wear and friction properties increases, owing to the increasingly stringent regulations relating to the emission of carbon dioxide. Diamond-like carbon coatings have the potential to reduce friction and wear. However, in order to use the entire potential, the interaction of lubricants and coatings has to be understood in detail in order to develop adapted lubricants.
The framework of the Thesis is the investigation of the tribological properties of hydrogen free tetrahedral amorphous carbon films (ta-C). As counter-body material 100Cr6-steel is used. Different polyhydric alcohols (ethylene glycol, glycerol, DL-threitol) and carbon acids
(stearic-, oleic-, elaidic-, linoleic-, linolenic acid) are studied, since both types of lubricant offer the possibility to reach friction coefficients below 0.1 (ultra-low friction). However, when lubricating with polyhydric alcohols almost no wear can be detected while the lubrication with fatty acids leads to high wear. This work, thus contributes to a better understanding of the tribological properties of ta-C-coatings.
Therefore, tribological studies are performed on a ball-on-disc apparatus (oscillation) and on a tribological-measuring-cell (rotation). Furthermore, methods for the Investigation of the coating parameters are used: Calotte-grinding, nanoindentation and Rockwell penetration-test. The morphology is investigated optically and electron-optically (incident light microscope, confocal microscope, electron microscope). In selected cases, the surface
is analyzed by atomic force microscopy (morphology, roughness) and friction coefficients are measured in lateral force microscopy mode. By secondary ion mass spectrometry adsorbates in the wear track or on the counter-bodies can be detected. The wetting behavior is studied by contact angle measurements. Selected counter-bodies are analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Changes in the binding structure of the carbon matrix are analyzed
by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy.
The tribological screening shows a characteristic friction-pressure-relation which cannot be explained by contact mechanics and which seems to be typical for ta-C-coatings. The friction coefficients decrease with decreasing pressure. A drop of friction is observed while lubricating with ethylene glycol without changing the experimental parameter, which is not observed for other polyhydric alcohols. This drop of friction is used to correlate the
adsorbates with the two friction levels. Therefore, lubricants labeled with isotops are used. Based on the results, more adsorbates can be detected in the wear track after the drop of friction. However, since even in the unworn area of the sample adsorbates can be detected,
the drop of the friction coefficient cannot be due to the hydroxylation of the surface. The adsorption of hydroxyl groups is believed to be a process leading to low friction, since between a hydroxylated surface and the lubricant molecules low van-der-Waals-interactions prevent other chemical bindings between the counter-bodies which enable low friction coefficients. On the counter-bodies more carbon is detected after the experiments. This might
indicate the presence of a transfer-layer or the adsorption of fragments of the lubricant, whenever the carbon adsorption does not correlate with the observed levels of friction coefficients. Plasma treated ta-C-surfaces show the possibility of reducing the required time of the running-in period. The coatings show structural changes after the tribological strain. In the case of glycerol lubrication, the self-adaption of the coating might result in an increase of the coating stability since no wear can be detected. During oleic acid lubrication, a softer amorphous carbon coating is formed on the ta-C-coating, whenever this third body formation is not able to reduce further wear of the coating. The analysis of the lubricants
after tribological experiments shows amorphous, para-crystalline and crystalline particles. Experiments on ta-C-coatings with different hardness, adjusted by different sp2/sp3-ratios, show the higher wear of the counter-bodies on harder coatings resulting in a reduction of the effective friction coefficients. | English |