Lenchuk, Olena (2017)
DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY CALCULATIONS OF SOLUTES IN MOLYBDENUM GRAIN BOUNDARIES.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY CALCULATIONS OF SOLUTES IN MOLYBDENUM GRAIN BOUNDARIES | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Albe, Prof. Dr. Karsten ; Heilmaier, Prof. Dr. Martin | ||||
Date: | 13 March 2017 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 6 June 2017 | ||||
Abstract: | Grain boundaries (GBs) and heterophase interfaces significantly affect the mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. The ductility and fracture toughness of materials are limited by GB decohesion, which can be manipulated by solute segregation. For example, in Mo-based materials, which are potential candidate materials for hightemperature structural applications, silicon crucially reduces the room-temperature (RT) ductility and fracture toughness [1]. However, addition of silicon is essential for improving the oxidation resistance of these materials. In contrast to silicon, addition of zirconium is an efficient way to increase the room-temperature fracture toughness, strength and ductility of Mo and Mo-based materials [2–4]. In this thesis, we address the physical origin of this experimentally observed behaviour, which remains a matter of debate and speculations. For this investigation, electronic-structure calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) are carried out. In order to determine whether the experimentally observed improvements are attributed to grain boundary or bulk effects, the solid solubility of zirconium and silicon in molybdenum is evaluated using a supercell approach. Finite-size effects are corrected by extrapolation to the dilute limit. The results reveal that the solubility of zirconium in molybdenum at elevated temperature is quite high, whereas the solubility of silicon in molybdenum is rather small. Different solubility limits of zirconium and silicon are explained based on an analysis of lattice distortion and strength of chemical bonds of solutes. For better understanding the influence of solutes (Zr, Si) and of oxygen on the cohesive strength of grain boundaries in molybdenum, twist ∑5[001] and tilt ∑5(310)[001] GBs in bicrystal geometry are chosen as structural models. These GBs have a well-defined periodic atomic structure suitable for atomistic modelling. DFT calculations allow to investigate in detail all changes in the atomic and electronic structure of GBs induced by solutes. First, the site preferences for zirconium and silicon solutes at GBs are determined. Although in the dilute limit the low-energy segregation sites at the GB are different for zirconium and silicon, a site competition between solutes might occur upon increasing silicon concentration. Second, the tendency of solutes to segregate from the bulk to GBs is evaluated. The results reveal that zirconium segregated at the GB decreases the thermodynamic barrier for silicon segregation to the GB when silicon is located close to the GB and vice versa. Afterwards, the effect of solutes on the stability of the GBs against brittle fracture is quantified by means of energy-based (work of separation) and stress-based (theoretical strength) criteria. The results reveal that zirconium and silicon act as weak embrittlers of molybdenum GBs. Oxygen embrittles molybdenum GBs considerably stronger. As before, contributions of strain and chemical energy are analysed in order to explain our findings. After showing, that the experimentally observed improvement of fracture toughness and ductility in molybdenum cannot be simply explained by grain boundary strengthening due to solute segregation, the role of ZrO_2 (zirconia) on the cohesive strength of GBs in molybdenum is investigated. It is energetically preferable for zirconium to capture oxygen and form ZrO_2 at the GB. The influence of the interface to ZrO_2 precipitates and also ultrathin ZrO_2 films embedded between molybdenum grains is investigated in the last part of this thesis. Based on a minimal mismatch between lattice parameters of molybdenum and tetragonal zirconia and on a maximum planar atomic density at the interface, a Mo(001)/t-ZrO_2(001) system is chosen as a structural model. The thermodynamic stability and the mechanical properties of the zirconia/molybdenum interfaces are analysed. The results show that the stability of the interface against brittle fracture strongly depends on a cleavage plane and therefore different cuts have to be carefully investigated. The strength of zirconia/molybdenum interfaces is discussed and compared to those for pure and solute containing twist ∑5[001] GBs in molybdenum. In summary, our work shows that the experimentally observed strengthening of molybdenum upon addition of zirconia cannot be explained by a direct solute effect leading to an increase of the cohesive strength of molybdenum grain boundaries. Furthermore, our results reveal that addition of zirconium to Mo-based alloys can strengthen the molybdenum grain boundaries that contain oxygen by forming an ultrathin zirconia film between molybdenum grains. Choosing oxidised molybdenum GB systems as references (molybdenum with segregated oxygen), a pronounced increase of the theoretical strength can be inferred upon the formation of ultrathin t-ZrO_2 film between molybdenum grains. The stress required to cleave the ultrathin zirconia film is equal to that for the pure molybdenum grain boundary. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-66711 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 500 Science | ||||
Divisions: | 11 Department of Materials and Earth Sciences > Material Science > Materials Modelling | ||||
Date Deposited: | 18 Sep 2017 10:34 | ||||
Last Modified: | 18 Sep 2017 10:34 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/6671 | ||||
PPN: | 416753485 | ||||
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