Glitsos, Gabriel (2017)
N- and C-terminal domains in tobacco aquaporins - Analysis of protein-mediated water permeability in vitro and in silico.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | N- and C-terminal domains in tobacco aquaporins - Analysis of protein-mediated water permeability in vitro and in silico | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Kaldenhoff, Prof. Dr. Ralf ; Warzecha, Prof. Dr. Heribert | ||||
Date: | April 2017 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 10 March 2017 | ||||
Abstract: | Aquaporins are a subclass of a ubiquitous protein family, the major intrinsic proteins (MIPs), and are thus represented in all domains of life. Their primordial function as integral membrane channels is the passive mediation of water across lipid bilayer barriers. In addition, various alternative substrates, such as small uncharged molecules, gases, carbohydrates, metalloids or ions have been found to be transported via aquaporins. As such, they fulfill a wide range of physiological functions and are of growing interest as targets for medical, as well as industrial applications. In plants, aquaporins are divided into five subclasses based on their localization, substrate specificity and sequence similarity: Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast membrane intrinsic proteins (TIPs), Nodulin26-like intrinsic proteins (NIPs), small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs) and uncategorized (X) intrinsic proteins (XIPs). PIPs as the largest group are further split up into PIP1 and PIP2 phylogenetic subcategories. The latter is differentiated from the former by a shorter N- and a longer C-terminus, an additional number of amino acids in the first extracellular loop A and a significantly higher overall water permeability. Furthermore, PIP2s have been described as rather strict water channels, whereas members of the PIP1 family are more likely to mediate alternative substrates. As typical representatives of their respective PIP subclasses, NtAQP1 and NtPIP2;1 from tobacco were at the center of this thesis. A detailed in silico amino acid sequence analysis and comparison revealed the most significant variances in terms of domain length and sequence identity to be in the N- and C-termini, as well as loop A of these two aquaporins. A previous study found NtAQP1 water permeation to be unmodulated after its loop A was modified to resemble that of a PIP2 member. In addition, a multiple sequence alignment with various other MIPs helped identify all sequence motifs relevant for substrate specificity in NtAQP1 and NtPIP2;1. Interestingly, all of them were found to be identical between the two, thus giving way to the hypothesis that their terminal domains could play a significant role in their respective water permeation capabilities. In order to test that hypothesis, an E. coli based continuous exchange cell free expression (CECF) system was established. A total of three different expression modes were tested for experimental applicability. The precipitation based mode (P-CF) without the inclusion of a hydrophobic environment served as a quick initial expression test for newly constructed vectors, as well as verification of individual reaction components. Detergent based cell free expression (D-CF) provided micelles for the direct solubilization of translated aquaporin, but was eventually dismissed as a viable option due to the complexity of its downstream processing. Finally, lipid based cell free expression (L-CF) provided both a liposome based hydrophobic environment for direct integration of translated protein and a downstream processing of comparably low complexity. The water permeability of proteoliposomes containing either of the two tobacco aquaporin wildtypes or terminal domain mutant constructs, as well as empty control liposomes was measured via a Stopped Flow based assay. Therein, (proteo)liposome shrinkage via a hypoosmotic pressure gradient was analyzed via scattered light kinetics. Obtained raw data underwent nonlinear regression to an exponential rise function and thus allowed the calculation of the water permeability factor Pf for individual samples. NtPIP2;1 and NtAQP1 showed water permeation rates in line with previously published results. While the former was a true aquaporin and demonstrated high water permeability, the latter indicated low transport rates barely above that of empty control liposomes. The deletion of either the N- or C-terminal domain in NtPIP2;1 caused a significant drop in water permeability to levels equivalent to NtAQP1 and the control (N) or slightly above that (C). Compared to that, the double deletion mutant demonstrated even lower water transport rates. In contrast, the removal of either of the NtAQP1 termini did not cause a significant shift in water permeation compared to the wildtype configuration. Deleting both domains, however, resulted in the lowest measured water permeability of all tested constructs. Subsequently, terminal domains were exchanged between the two wildtypes and the impact on their mediation functionality was analyzed. Pf values for NtPIP2;1 constructs, where either of the termini were exchanged with NtAQP1 sequences did not differ significantly from their single deletion counterparts. However, the exchange of both PIP2 termini resulted in transport rates statistically equivalent to those of the wildtype NtAQP1 and thus significantly higher than NtPIP2;1 with both domains removed. Finally, all NtAQP1 terminal exchange mutants demonstrated increased water permeation in the following order, when compared with the wildtype: N exchange < C exchange < N & C exchange, with the latter closing two thirds of the water transport gap previously seen between the two wildtype aquaporins. Thus, all three NtAQP1 exchange mutants showed significantly higher transport rates than their deletion mutant equivalents. Based on the obtained results, various types of previously reported aquaporin regulation were discussed in order to better interpret the role of terminal domains in the water permeability of NtPIP2;1 and NtAQP1. N-terminal acetylation / methylation as a type of post-translational modification, the interaction of termini with neighboring aquaporin monomers and a modification of mechanosensitivity were found to be options in the realm of possibility. In addition, a three-dimensional structure homology modeling of both wildtypes, as well as their respective double deletion and double exchange mutants allowed to spot potential conformation changes in transmembrane regions. In conclusion, both the mere presence, as well as the specific sequence makeup of the terminal domains seem to play a major role in the water transport functionality of both tobacco aquaporins. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-61247 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 500 Science 500 Science and mathematics > 530 Physics 500 Science and mathematics > 540 Chemistry 500 Science and mathematics > 570 Life sciences, biology 500 Science and mathematics > 580 Plants (botany) |
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Divisions: | 10 Department of Biology 10 Department of Biology > Applied Plant Sciences |
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Date Deposited: | 06 Apr 2017 10:36 | ||||
Last Modified: | 09 Jul 2020 01:35 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/6124 | ||||
PPN: | 401492974 | ||||
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