All life forms, including human beings, are subjected to numerous harmful substances. Some of these harmful substances are of natural origin, whereas others enter the biosphere because of their anthropogenic effect. Against organic lower molecular substances that are not vital for the survival of the organism, there have developed mechanisms in the course of the evolution that exclude substances absorbed by the body. Very often, these substances are potentially harmful chemicals. The detoxication of lipophile foreign substances (xenobiotics) can be divided into three phases. In the first phase, a functionalisation of the substrate takes place through the enzymatic transmitting of a functional group to the substrate. In the second phase, the functionalised substrate is conjugated with an endogen substance, as for example glutathion. This heightens the polarity and thus the hydrophilicity of the xenobiotic, which reduces the toxic potential and facilitates the excretion (phase III). An important way by which lipophile xenobiotics can be excreted, is the mercapturic acid pathway of detoxicitation. In a first step, the conjugation with the tripeptid glutathion takes place. In the following steps, the glutathion-conjugate is hydrolysed enzymatically to a cystein-S-conjugate. The cystein-S-conjugate is the substrate for the membrane bound N-acetyl-S-transferase (NAcT, EC 2.3.1.80), which is the subject of this thesis. In most cases, the cystein-S-conjugate is acetylated in the kidney and excreted with the urine. A N-acetyl-cystein-S-conjugate develops, that is also called mercapturic acid. Many technically important substances belong to the substance class of the haloalkanes and haloalkenes which are detoxicated through the mercapturic acid pathway. During this reaction, toxic and cancerogenic metabolites can develop because of competitive reactions (for example catalysed by beta-lyase). The toxicity of a subtstance is thus a measure for the balance between the acetylation and the opposed reaction. For haloalkenes and haloalkanes, the knowledge of the kinetic constants Km and Vmax of these reactions is therefore of importance. This thesis includes the determination of the kinetic constants of the N-acetylation for various haloalkyle- and haloalkenyle-cystein-S-conjugates (provided by Dr. M. W. Anders, Rochester, NY). Therefore, a quantitative, radioactive activity test was established. A partial purification method for NAcT was optimised and competing enzyme activities (deacetylase, acetyl-CoA hydrolase) could be completely - respectively almost completely - be detached. From a previous work [Aigner, 1995], there were phage clones available, that had been obtained through the screening of a cDNA-expression bank with an antibody against NAcT. The DNA sequence of these clones was determined in the course of this thesis. A characteristic that all cDNA insertions have in common is the correspondance with proteins that dispose of an ATP-binding site and bind with DNA. | English |