Mekap, Dibyaranjan (2014)
Development of novel methodologies and fundamental studies on the compositional separation of polyethylene by High temperature liquid adsorption chromatography.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Ph.D. Thesis, Primary publication
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Item Type: | Ph.D. Thesis | ||||
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Type of entry: | Primary publication | ||||
Title: | Development of novel methodologies and fundamental studies on the compositional separation of polyethylene by High temperature liquid adsorption chromatography | ||||
Language: | English | ||||
Referees: | Rehahn, Prof. Dr. Matthias ; Busch, Prof. Dr. Markus ; Albert, Prof. Dr. Barbara ; Hess, Prof. Dr. Christian | ||||
Date: | 8 December 2014 | ||||
Place of Publication: | Darmstadt | ||||
Date of oral examination: | 8 December 2014 | ||||
Abstract: | Polyolefins are, by volume, the most important synthetic polymers with an annual production expected to reach 200 million metric tons by the year 2020. Due to their widely adaptable end-use properties, paired with a good cost/performance ratio, they continue to find acceptance in novel and diverse applications. This versatility arises from the ability to control molecular heterogeneities as a result of advances in catalyst and process technology. At the same time, this creates the need to develop appropriate and more comprehensive analytical methodologies for molecular characterization. The molecular heterogeneities in polyolefins can to a large extent be defined by the molecular weight distribution (MWD) and the chemical composition distribution (CCD). Recently, high temperature high performance liquid chromatography (HT-HPLC) in the form of high temperature liquid adsorption chromatography (HT-LAC) has become an emerging tool to determine the CCD of polyolefins. The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to develop improved methodologies based on HT-LAC for the compositional separation of polyethylene (PE) and investigate the underlying mechanism of the separation. The development of HT-LAC as a tool for determining the CCD of polyolefins is the result of the discovery that porous graphitic carbon (PGC) can reversibly adsorb polyolefins and olefin copolymers from solution and hence can be applied as a stationary phase material. The research presented in this thesis is divided into five parts that have led to publications which in cumulative form encompass the major conclusions as given below. Upon giving a concise synopsis on the state of the art the conclusions will be summarized for each part separately. Depending on the mechanism of separation HT-HPLC techniques may be divided into high temperature size exclusion chromatography (HT-SEC) and HT-LAC. HT-SEC is routinely applied to determine the MWD of polyolefins, whereas HT-LAC has been developed recently to determine the CCD of the same. According to the variant which governs the separation HT-LAC can further be classified into solvent gradient (HT-SGIC) and thermal gradient (HT-TGIC) interactive chromatography In HT-SGIC the analyte is separated by applying a gradient from an adsorption promoting solvent to a desorption promoting one at isothermal conditions, whereas in HT-TGIC the same is achieved by applying a temperature gradient with the mobile phase being isocratic. At the boundary between HT-SEC and HT-LAC a third mode of chromatography called high temperature high temperature liquid chromatography at critical conditions (HT-LCCC) exists, which will be described for the first time as part of this thesis. The interrelationship between the distributions with regard to composition and molecular weight can be studied in a cross fractionation approach by coupling the separations with respect to the molecular parameters. Technically this has been realized in the form of two dimensional high temperature liquid chromatography (2D HT-LC), which hyphenates HT-LAC and HT-SEC to unravel the bivariate CCD x MWD. In the first part a novel single step method was developed to separate and identify n-alkanes/oligomers in PE by using HT-SGIC. n-alkanes are a component of PE as byproduct of the catalytic synthesis, and they constitute the main ingredient of waxes, oils, and gasoline products. Hence, an accurate separation and identification of alkanes is important for the industry along the entire chain of value creation of polyolefins. By prolonging the duration of the solvent gradient, reducing the difference in solvation quality between the adsorption and desorption promoting solvent, and reducing the temperature it became possible to separate linear PE with an average molecular weight in the range of 0.74 - 2 kg/mol into the constituting alkanes. The individual alkanes were identified by spiking the analyte with alkanes of known molecular weight, and by using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry as complementary technique. Thus, n-alkanes with carbon numbers ranging from 18 to 180 could be separated and identified. This method was further applied to detect n-alkanes present in an industrial high density PE (HDPE) as proof of applicability. The developed method provides a fast single step process to separate and identify n-alkanes/oligomers in PE without any prior extraction and pre-concentration work-up. When hyphenating two HT-HPLC techniques (e.g., 2D HT-LC, HT-LAC x HT-SEC) a significant dilution of the analyte occurs when sample is fractionated in the first dimension and then transferred to the second dimension. Consequently, the intensity of the detected signal is lowered significantly leading to poor signal-to-noise ratios. Therefore, enhancing the signal intensity could be a key step towards making 2D HT-LC a valuable technique for industrial use. As part of the experiments undertaken it was found that a PE sample could be injected and adsorbed multiple times on the PGC based stationary phase of the 1st chromatographic dimension (HT-SGIC) without starting the solvent gradient. The adsorbed sample can then be desorbed in a single step with the help of a solvent gradient. This approach was successfully applied to significantly increase the detected signal and translated to an improvement in the signal to noise ratio of the 2D HT-LC separation. The separation in HT-SEC is governed by the change in conformational entropy of the macromolecules in the mobile phase as they enter the pores of the stationary phase, while in HT-SGIC the separation is determined by the enthalpic interactions between the macromolecules and the stationary phase in the presence of a mobile phase. HT-LCCC is an important chromatographic mode at the border between HT-SEC and HT-SGIC where the enthalpic interactions balance the entropic term. As a result, the macromolecules elute independent of the molecular weight for this specific chromatographic system. Conditions for LCCC have been reported for a variety of polymers soluble at room temperature. The knowledge of conditions for HT-SEC and HT-SGIC i.e., suitable stationary and mobile phases, is a prerequisite to realize HT-LCCC. An interesting question is, therefore, if such conditions can be realized for PE. Using well defined linear PE standards of varying and known average molecular weight, and combining adsorption promoting solvents with desorption promoting ones in an iterative approach, conditions for HT-LCCC of PE were established. The determined conditions of HT-LCCC were verified by two well established empirical methods. To demonstrate the applicability of HT-LCCC for the compositional separation ethylene/1-octene (E/O) statistical copolymers of comparable molecular weight were separated according to their average 1-octene content. The fourth part focused on improving the resolution of the separation in HT-TGIC of E/O copolymers. Until now, 1,2-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) have been the mobile phase of choice for HT-TGIC. The development of HT-LCCC led to a better understanding of the effect which binary solvent systems have on the chromatographic elution behavior. This generated the question if binary mobile phases could be used to enhance the resolution in HT-TGIC. This was probed for the case of E/O statistical copolymers using combinations of solvents which differ in their solvation quality and adsorption promoting behavior. The solvents that were part of this study were 1-decanol, n-decane, ODCB, TCB and diphenylether. By comparing the results from the above experiments and with help of calculations it was found that 40/60 (v/v) n-decane/TCB and 30/70 (v/v) 1-decanol/TCB, enable the highest resolution of separation for E/O copolymers by HT-TGIC. These optimized systems were also applied to separate a model blend as a proof of concept. The above study about HT-TGIC was focused on controlling the separation of the macromolecules using PGC as stationary phase and applying a temperature gradient in an isocratic mobile phase. An important question is, therefore, the nature of the interactions between the macromolecules and the graphite surface. For n-alkanes and further low MW analytes it has been established that these interactions are based on van der Waals and London forces. However, the case is different for PE because of complexities arising out of the different molecular heterogeneities in it. Additionally, PE is semi-crystalline in nature and crystallization could also play an additional role. Hence, to study the interactions in the system PE/graphite/ODCB and to understand the mechanism of HT-TGIC based separations, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was carried out at variable temperature (TG-NMR). A challenge which had to be overcome for this purpose was the fact, that the PGC widely used as stationary phase in HT-LAC, settled in the NMR tube due to its higher density compared to ODCB. This was solved by using nanographite (NG) which had a density comparable that of ODCB. The experimental conditions were further optimized to prevent the settling of NG on the one hand and on the other hand to achieve a good signal to noise ratio for the dissolved PE. From the TG-NMR experiments it was found that the concentration of PE homopolymer in solution starts to decrease ca. 50 °C above its crystallization temperature from the solution as the temperature in the NMR tube was gradually reduced. By carrying out repeated measurements for each temperature step it could be established that this decrease is not due to a non-equilibrium state. This decrease in concentration is fully reversible when the temperature is increased, not showing any hysteresis. An analogous decrease in concentration in solution was also found for a fully amorphous E/O copolymer. The lack of a hysteresis and the fact that also the concentration of an amorphous copolymer in solution is decreased upon cooling pointed towards the interactions between the graphite and the polymer being adsorptive and not induced crystallization. To further confirm the absence of induced crystallization, solution DSC experiments were carried out for both sample using NG and ODCB. No evidence for an exothermic crystallization event could be retrieved from the cooling cycle, thus ruling out induced crystallization of the macromolecules from solution and indirectly confirming adsorption as mechanism underlying the separation in HT-TGIC. The above work augments the understanding of the compositional separation of the macromolecules with the help of HT-HPLC and opens new possibilities for the compositional separation of more complex macromolecules in the future. The oligomer work further extends the application potential of HT-SGIC and this work could be further extended to the separation and identification of branched oligomers. With the help of multiple injections it was possible to attain improved SNR which could prove vital for many different 2D HT-LC separations. The newly developed HT-LCCC separations in PE could be further extended to other olefinic homo- and copolymers for achieving separations based on minute differences in microstructure. The application of mixed mobile phases in HT-TGIC improved the resolution of separation for E/O and could be further extended to other solvent and polymer systems. The TG-NMR study increased our understanding of interactions in the system PE/ graphite/solvent at different temperatures. This knowledge could be utilized to better control the separations in HT-TGIC. Additionally, the TG NMR method also provides a powerful technique for the screening of potential stationary phases with regard to their selectivity in interactive chromatography. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-43030 | ||||
Classification DDC: | 500 Science and mathematics > 540 Chemistry 600 Technology, medicine, applied sciences > 660 Chemical engineering |
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Divisions: | 07 Department of Chemistry 07 Department of Chemistry > Ernst-Berl-Institut > Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie |
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Date Deposited: | 11 Dec 2014 13:27 | ||||
Last Modified: | 09 Jul 2020 00:50 | ||||
URI: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/4303 | ||||
PPN: | 386760209 | ||||
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