Transketolase (TK; EC 2.2.1.1) catalyzes the stereospecific transfer of a two carbon ketol unit to the carbonyl terminus of a variety of aldehydes. The use of TK for carbon-carbon bond formation is receiving increased attention for asymmetric synthesis because of the highly stereocontrolled formation of an (S)-configurated chiral center with efficient concomitant chiral resolution for (2R)-hydroxyaldehydes. Especially when using hydroxypyruvate (HPA) as donor, the release of CO2 makes the synthetic reaction irreversible, and the released bicarbonate increases the pH of the reaction system. According to this principle, a novel continuous pH-based assay method has been developed for the high-throughput screening of TK, in the presence of HPA as donor and phenol red as a sensitive pH indicator. The assay is generic and can be used for the reliable colorimetric determination of specific enzyme activity and measurement of kinetic constants. Based on this method, the kinetic constants and acceptor specificity of TK from Escherichia coli (TKeco) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (TKyst), as well as two TKeco variants (TKD469E eco and TKH26Y eco), have been determined for a detailed comparison of the enzymes. From the quantitative data, the catalytic capabilities of wild-type TKeco and TKsce are quite similar with only very little variation. Wild-type TK enzymes have a strong preference for α-hydroxylated acceptors with strict stereoselectivity towards the (2R)-configuration. The variant TKD469E eco shows significantly higher activities towards 2-deoxygenated aldehydes than the corresponding wild-type enzyme.
The TK from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (TKgst) is a novel enzyme which has been cloned and identified recently to have an impressively high thermostability. Similar to other TKs, it also shows low activity towards non-α-hydroxylated aldehydes. In order to improve its activity, saturation mutagenesis libraries of TKgst at Leu382 and Asp470 have been constructed in a first attempt to improve activity towards aliphatic aldehydes; Leu382 and Asp470 are the corresponding residues for binding of the hydroxymethylene group of α-hydroxylated aldehydes. Library screening revealed several positive variants from both single-site libraries and the double-site library. Asp469Ile was identified as the top mutant with 17, 13 and 8.6 fold activity improvement towards propanal, butanal and methoxyethanal, respectively, in comparison to the wild-type, but the protein still maintains high thermostability with a Tm of 74 °C.
Sialic acids are a family of 9-carbon sugars which exist broadly at the termini of free or conjugated glycans on the surface of cells, playing significant roles in cell physiology. Therefore, it is significant to develop methods for the synthesis of specific sialoconjugate epitopes in vitro to facilitate research on carbohydrate-protein interactions in physiological events. α/β-Galactosyl α-2,3/2,6-sialyltransferases transfer sialic acid residues to the terminal galactose moiety of an oligosaccharide, and therefore becomes are useful enzymatic tools to synthesize sialoconjugates in vitro. For this purpose, bacterial α-2,3- and 2,6- sialyltransferases have been cloned from Photobacterium phosphoreum (2,3SiaTpph) and Photobacterium leiognathi JT-SHIZ-145 (2,6SiaTple), respectively. In order to understand the substrate specificity of these two SiaTs, a pH-based assay method was established to determine the kinetic constants and substrate tolerance of SiaT. This assay method using a low concentration buffer system, and phenol red as pH indicator, is rapid, sensitive and continuous. Using this method, the kinetic constants and substrate tolerance of 2,3SiaTpph and 2,6SiaTple has been determined. These two SiaTs have quite different acceptor specificity. 2,3SiaTpph can well accept α- and β-galactosides, lactosides, Glc, Man and GalNAc. However, 2,6SiaTple has high activity only towards β-galactosides and lactosides.
From the structure alignment between 2,3SiaTpph and 2,6SiaTple, Trp347 was found to be the responsible residue that is blocking the entrance to the active center for α-galactosides. Therefore, three mutagenesis libraries were constructed to improve 2,6SiaTple’s activity towards α-galactosides using the optimized pH-based assay as high-throughput screening method and methyl-α-D-galactopyranoside as acceptor. However, no positive mutant could be ifentified from the screening, which revealed that Trp347 cannot be simply substituted in 2,6SiaTple. It is speculated that Trp347 contributes to the binding between donor and acceptor and helps to stabilize the correct acceptor conformation to form the 2,6-sialated product.
CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSS, E.C. 2.7.7.43) catalyzes the CMP activation of sialic acid using CTP as donor and Mg2+ as cofactor. A series of Neu5Ac analogues with bulky modification on the acylamino group were showen to be accepted by CSS from Neisseria meningitidis (CSSnme), although their corresponding kcat/KM values were much lower than that of the natural substrate Neu5Ac. From an active site alignment for the acceptor binding of CSSnme, Phe192 and Phe193 were identified as the corresponding residues for binding of the acylamino group in Neu5Ac. Therefore, four saturation mutagenesis libraries were constructed on positions of Phe192 and Phe193 to improve its activity towards bulky analogs Neu5Ac-OBz, Neu5Hex and Neu5PenN3. From a screening by a pH-based high-throughput screening method, CSSnme-F192C/F193Y, CSSnme-F192S, and CSSnme-F192S/F193Y were the top enzyme variants with 14.1 fold, 4.6 fold and 4.0 fold activity improvements towards Neu5Ac-OBz, Neu5Hex and Neu5PenN3, respectively. In order to validate the improved activity, the in situ CMP activation of the Neu5Ac analogues was applied by using these CSS variants in with 2,6SiaTple a preparative synthesis of new neo-sialoconjugates. The yields of the final products were 50%, 64% and 70%, repectively.
The N-acetyl-D-lactosamine (LacNAc) moiety at the terminus of oligosaccharides is an important natural substrate of SiaT. Synthesis of LacNAc and its derivatives in vitro can extend the diversity of acceptors for the synthesis of neo-sialoconjugates. For this purpose, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase from Helicobacter pylori (GalThpy) and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase from E. coli (GalEeco) were cloned and over-expressed in an E. coli expression system. Using these two recombinant enzymes, free LacNAc and LacNAc-D-T-P-Acr, as well as Lac-D-T-P-Acr were synthesized from UDP-Glc donor and the corresponding acceptor substrates, with isolated yields of 88%, 92% and 85%, respectively, on a 100 mg scale each for further preparative utilization.
Using 2,3SiaTpph and 2,6SiaTple, as well as novel CSSnme variants, the neo-2,3- and 2,6-sialoconjugates were synthesized in a one-pot two-enzyme approach. Six typical sialic acids (Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, KDN, epi-KDN, Neu5Ac-9-N3 and Neu5NPhAc) with modifications on C5 and C9 were involved as donors for enzymatic coupling to fluorescent lactose (Lac-D-T-P-Acr) and N-acetyl-D-lactosamine (LacNAc-D-T-P-Acr) acceptors with α-2,3- and α-2,6-configuration, respectively. 2,3SiaTpph and 2,6SiaTple show quite similar donor specificity towards these six sialic acids. Both of them can well accept Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, KDN and Neu5Ac-9-N3, but are less reactive with the bulky Neu5NPhAc substrate analog. Moreover, 2,6SiaTple can accept epi-KDN better than 2,3SiaTpph.
Recently, a novel potential sialyltransferase from Shewanella piezotolerans (SiaTspi) has been identified from the genomic S. piezotolerans sequence. However, cloning, expression and activity assay of SiaTspi have not been reported yet. Therefore, the artificial gene of this protein was cloned, modified and optimally expressed in the E. coli and a Yarrowia expression system. Its sequence BLAST and structure alignment with other 2,3SiaTs in CAZy GT80 family retrieved its functional upstream sequence. The deletion of a loop containing 12 amino acid residues also facilitated to identify its 2,3SiaT activity by using a reaction with fluorescent labeled acceptor, particularly when co-expressed with chaperonins. However, its low soluble expression in both E. coli and Y. lipolytica expression systems prevented its further characterization. | English |