The family of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediates the vast majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. It is subdivided into three subfamilies: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) AMPA receptors and kainate receptors, whereas the NMDARs stand out with respect to their key role in processes such as learning and memory as well as the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. The tetrameric NMDAR is composed of homologous NR1, NR2A-D und NR3A-B subunits. A unique feature of conventional NMDA receptors composed of the NR1 and NR2 subunits is that the simultaneous binding of two ligands, glycine and glutamate, respectively, is required for efficient channel opening. In contrast, NMDA receptors composed of NR1 and NR3 subunits form receptors that are activated by glycine alone, though with a very low efficiency. This has been suggested to result from glycine-binding to the NR1 subunit which inhibits the receptor response by decreasing the efficacy of channel opening. Hence, glycine-binding to the NR1 subunit has different effects on NR1/NR2 and NR1/NR3 receptor function: it is required for the activation of conventional NR1/NR2 receptors but mediates an ´auto-inhibition´ of NR1/NR3 receptors. The common feature of all iGluRs is their modular design. Thereby, each of the respective modules/domains seem to posses similar structure and function. The extracelullarly located N-terminal domains, in particular, were supposed to be the main determinants of the assembly of all iGluRs and are additionally responsible for the modulation of NMDAR function. Further, crystallographic studies have revealed that the NR1- and NR2-LBDs form bi-lobate structures which are arranged in a ´back-to-back´ fashion. Thereby, intermolecular interactions in the NR1/NR2 hetero-dimer are generated whose stability accounts for the extent of NMDAR activation and desensitization. Therefore, the hetero-dimer acts as the functional unit in NMDARs. One of the aims of this study was to approach the role of NTDs in the assembly and function of NMDARs, histidin-tagged NR1, NR2 and NR3 subunits were recombinantly expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, labeled with either [35S]-Methionin or a cell-membrane impermeable dye Cy5 and analyzed via affinity chromatography and blue native polyacrylamid gelelectrophoresis (BN-PAGE) as well as SDS-PAGE. Here, it is shown that NTD-deletion does not affect a proper subunit assembly, the stoichiometry and membrane-insertion of NR1/NR3 receptors. Thus, in contrast to non-NMDARs, NTDs are not necessary for the formation of functional NMDARs. The functional analysis of the glycine-mediated currents of wt and NTD-deleted NR1/NR3A and NR1/NR3B receptors via two-electrode voltage-clamp revealed that NTD-deletion induced the relief of NR1-LBD-mediated receptor ´auto-inhibition´. Thus, die NTDs are determinants of the receptor efficacy. This finding correlates with a reduced receptor desensitization at NR1/NR3A receptors. The selective NR3-NTD-deletion is sufficient for the occurance of both effects. In contrast to findings at NR1/NR3A and NR1/NR3B receptors, the currents of triheteromeric NR1/NR3A/NR3B receptors are not ´auto-inhibited´. In line with this, the deletion of NTDs had no impact on the receptor efficacy. The relief of ´auto-inhibition´ of NR1/NR3A/NR3B receptors and the occurance of it in NR1/NR3A and NR1/NR3B receptors can be attributed to differences in the interaction of the functional units in the receptor. The findings of NTD-mediated inhibition of NR1/NR3 NMDA receptor function obtained in this study could provide a tool to detect these receptors in vivo, e.g. by using specific NR1- and NR3-NTD-removing proteases. Furthermore, the knowledge about the properties of the functional units of NMDA receptors could help elucidating the interaction of the presumably inversely acting hetero-dimers in NR1/NR2/NR3 receptors, detected in vivo. | English |