Numerous modifications were made in the technology of cellulose bleaching over the past years. The conversion from chlorine based bleaching agents to chlorine free bleaching agents plays an significant role. The aim of this thesis was to bleach pulp with different basic bleaching sequences and to specify its effect on the primary and secondary pulp characteristics. During the chlorine based bleaching sequence the stages chlorine (C), extraction with sodium hydroxide solution (E) and hypochlorite (H) were combined into a C-E-H-sequence. Oxygen (O), ozone (Z) and hydrogen peroxide (P) were used for the total chlorine free bleaching sequence (O-Z-P). Up to now there are no comparable systematical investigations available and the innumerable literature references on cellulose bleaching refer to different basic raw materials and mostly on a very complex process of reaction. The largest difference between the sequences is the selectivity of the elemination of lignin. In the chlorine based sequence a delignification of 90 % is already reached during the first stage, whereas in the first stage (O) of the O-Z-P-sequence only a 60 % delignification is achieved. After the last two stages (Z and P), pulp with a respectively low content of lignin, compared to C-E-H bleached pulp, is produced. Considering the limiting viscosity number (GVZ) as measurement for the chain length of cellulose, it can be determined, that the largest degradation of cellulose occurs during the ozone bleaching stage. The more aggressive bleaching conditions are used, the more intense are the degradations. For the complete chlorine based bleaching sequence only minimal damages of the cellulose can be observed. To specify the structural modifications or damages by the treatment with bleaching agents, the content of carbonyl and carboxyl groups were determined. It was realized, that an increase of the carbonyl groups was reached through ozone as well as through chlorine. These new generated CO-groups can be removed more effectively during the H-stage than during the P-stage. Even during the most aggressive bleaching stage with ozone, no increase in carboxyl groups was observed. Considering the paper technological properties, it was proved that regarding the mechanical characteristics the chlorine based bleached cellulose yielded better results. The decrease of strength of O-Z-P bleached pulp is twice as high as the decrease of strength of C-E-H bleached pulp.On the other hand, considering the optical properties, it turned out, that the pulp bleached with oxygen based bleaching agents shows a better property profile than the pulp bleached with chlorine based bleaching agents. Both brightness and color coordinates of the O-Z-P-bleached pulp are more profitable than of the C-E-H-bleached pulp. At a comparable brightness, pulp treated with oxygen based bleaching agents show a distinct larger opacity. Comparing the ageing of papers produced out of pulp, a correlation with the chain length concerning the thermic yellowing can be found. During the progression of bleaching, the yellowing increases. Concerning the finally bleached pulp, O-Z-P-bleached pulp however shows a significant better yellowing behaviour. Concerning the photoyellowing an improvement of the brightness is reached by a decrease of the lignin during the C-, O- and Z-stage. During the final bleaching stages H and P, the pulp will then be damaged and a deterioration of the yellowing tendency arises. | English |