Lithium Extraction and Zeolite Synthesis via Mechanochemical Treatment of the Silicate Minerals Lepidolite, Spodumene, and Petalite

Lithium is in high demand: this is driven by current trends in e-mobility and results in increased global production and record prices for lithium ores and compounds. Pegmatite ores, in addition to brines, remain of particular interest because of their higher lithium content and lower geopolitical risks. In this work, we investigated lithium extraction via the mechanochemical treatment of the three most common lithium minerals: lepidolite, spodumene, and petalite. Indeed, we determine that the petalite crystal structure was much more suitable due to its less dense packing and the formation of cleavage planes along lithium sites, resulting in substantial lithium extraction of 84.9% and almost complete conversion to hydrosodalite after 120 min of ball milling in alkaline media. Further processing of the leach liquor includes desilication, the precipitation of lithium phosphate, and the conversion and crystallization of pure LiOH·H₂O. Special attention was paid to a holistic approach entailing the generation of by-products, each of which has a specific intended application. The leaching residues were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N₂ adsorption/desorption, and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, hydrosodalite was found to have a high potential as an adsorbent for heavy metal ions which were studied separately using aqueous solutions containing Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺.